![]() Malmberg LP, Pesu L, Sovijarvi ARA (1995) Significant differences in flow standardised breath sound spectra in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stable asthma and health lungs. Sovijärvi A, Malmberg L, Charbonneau G, Vanderschoot J, Dalmasso F, Sacco C, Rossi M, Earis J (2000) Characteristics of breath sounds and adventitious respiratory sounds. ĭalmay F, Antonini MT, Marquet P, Menier R (1995) Acoustic properties of the normal chest. Pasterkamp H, Powell RE, Sanchez I (1996) Lung sound spectra at standardized air flow in normal infants, children, and adults. Chest 73(3):399–405īohadana AB, Kanga JF, Kraman SS (1988) Does airway closure affect lung sound generation? Clin Physiol 8(4):341–349īohadana A, Izbicki G, Kraman SS (2014) Fundamentals of lung auscultation. Am Rev Respir Dis 102(1):10–16įorgacs P (1978) The functional basis of pulmonary sounds. Leblanc P, Macklem PT, Ross WR (1970) Breath sounds and distribution of pulmonary ventilation. Pasterkamp H, Sanchez I (1996) Effect of gas density on respiratory sounds. Oliveira A, Marques A (2014) Respiratory sounds in healthy people: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 10(6):363–366īeckerman RC, Wegmann MJ (1985) A comparison of tracheal breath sounds, airflow, and impedance pneumography in the detection of childhood apnea. Chest 110(6):1493–1498īeckerman RC, Wegmann MJ, Waring WW (1982) Tracheal breath sounds for detection of apnea in infants and children. Pasterkamp H, Schafer J, Wodicka GR (1996) Posture-dependent change of tracheal sounds at standardized flows in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sanna A, Lorimier P, Dachy B, D’Hondt A, Sergysels R (1991) Value of monitoring of tracheal respiratory sounds in the diagnosis of nocturnal respiratory dysrhythmias. Am Rev Respir Dis 122(5):797–801Įast KA, East TD (1985) Computerized acoustic detection of obstructive apnea. Krumpe PE, Cummiskey JM (1980) Use of laryngeal sound recordings to monitor apnea. Lessard CS, Wong WC (1986) Correlation of constant flow rate with frequency spectrum of respiratory sounds when measured at the trachea. Gavriely N, Nissan M, Rubin A-H, Cugell DW (1995) Spectral characteristics of chest wall breath sounds in normal subjects. Pasterkamp H, Kraman SS, Wodicka GR (1997) Respiratory sounds: advances beyond the stethoscope. Sovijärvi A, Dalmasso F, Vanderschoot J, Malmberg L, Righini G, Stoneman S (2000) Definition of terms for applications of respiratory sounds. ![]() ![]() This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of the use of normal and adventitious respiratory sounds for identifying respiratory conditions and their severity and monitoring respiratory interventions. ![]() Normal and adventitious respiratory sounds can be highly informative about a person’s respiratory health as it is known that their characteristics change with gender, location where it is heard, body size, body position, and airflow, being particularly different between children and adults and in the presence of a respiratory condition. It is also important to know the origin and mechanisms of the respiratory sound. For respiratory sounds, some additional information is often informative, such as the timing within the respiratory cycle in which the sound occurs, the sound duration, and the influence of gravity/forced expiratory maneuvers on the sound. Timbre allows the differentiation between two sounds with the same frequency and intensity. Frequency and intensity are perceived by human beings as pitch and loudness, respectively. All sounds can be described using frequency, intensity, and timbre. Respiratory sounds are composed by normal and adventitious respiratory sounds which comprise the sounds heard over the trachea/mouth and chest wall.
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